Cognitive Bias
Roles: observer, sample, distortion, heuristic, judgment, error
Systematic patterns of deviation from rationality in judgment. As a source domain, cognitive bias supplies vocabulary for the predictable ways human reasoning goes wrong: selective attention, motivated reasoning, base-rate neglect, and survivorship effects. The frame foregrounds the gap between the data available and the data actually used, and between the conclusion drawn and the conclusion warranted. Its metaphorical power lies in naming failures of reasoning that feel like successes — the bias is invisible to the person exhibiting it.